Title: BRAINGATE SYSTEM 1 BRAINGATE SYSTEM Presentation By Revathi.B Naga Praveena.CH 2 Introduction. How Does Brain Control Motor Function?. The Mind-To-Movement System That Allows A Quadriplegic Man To Control A Computer Using Only His Thoughts Is A Scientific Milestone 3. Neuro Feedback. Neuroprosthetic device.
Principle 4. NEURO CHIP.
Outer View Of Brain Gate System 5 (No Transcript) 6 Working. Preprocessing. Detection. Control.
Training. Bio feedback 7 Applications. A Boon to the paralyzed -Brain Gate Neural Interface System.
Clinical trial on Nagle. Statement Of Nagle I can't put it into words. It's justI use my brain.
I just thought it. I said, 'Cursor go up to the top right.' And it did, and now I can control it all over the screen.
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Thousands of people around the world suffer from paralysis, rendering them dependent on others to perform even the most basic tasks. But that could change, thanks to the latest achievements in the field of BrainGate technology, which could help them regain a portion of their lost independence. The mind-to-movement system that allows a quadriplegic man to control a computer using only his thoughts is a scientific milestone. Braingate neural interface system is based on, platform technology to sense, transmit, analyze and apply the language of neurons. Scientists are to implant tiny computer chips in the brains of paralyzed patients which could ‘read their thoughts’. It would be a huge therapeutic application for people who have seizures, which leads to the idea of a ‘pacemaker for the brain’.
Suggested Read:. Introduction to BrainGate BrainGate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company‚ Cyber kinetics in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University. The development of the braingate system brain-computer interface is to enable those with severe paralysis and other neurological conditions to live more productively and independently. The computer chip, which is implanted into the brain, monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer commands.
Currently, the chip uses about 100 hair-thin electrodes that sense the electro-magnetic signature of neurons firing in specific areas of the brain. The activity is translated into electrically charged signals and is then sent and decoded using a program, which can move a robotic arm, a computer cursor, or even a wheelchair.
Scientists are developing the braingate systems underlying core technology in the neuroport system to enable improved diagnosis and treatment for a number of neurological conditions, such as and brain trauma. Braingate will be the first human device that has been designed to record, filter, and amplify multiple channels of simultaneously recorded neural activity at a very high spatial and temporal resolution. When a person becomes paralyzed, the neural signal from the brain no longer reaches their designated site of termination.
However, the brain continues to send out these signals although they do not reach their destination. It is these signals that the brain gate system picks up and they must be present in order for the system to work. It is found that people with long-standing, severe paralysis can generate signals in the area of the brain responsible for voluntary movement and these signals can be detected, recorded, routed out of the brain to a computer and converted into actions enabling a paralyzed patient to perform basic tasks.
Scientists are to implant tiny computer chips in the brains of paralyzed patients which could ‘read their thoughts’. Brain gate consists of a surgically implanted sensor that records the activity of dozens of brain cells simultaneously. The system also decodes these signals in real time to control a computer or other external devices.
The brain gate technology platform was designed to take advantage of the fact that many patients with motor impairment have an intact brain that can produce movement commands allowing the brain gate system to create an output signal directly from the brain, bypassing the route through the nerves to the muscles that cannot be used in paralyzed people. Cell body of a motor neuron Let us understand how the normal neural activity functions:. Dendrites: Signals sent through dendrites cause chemical changes that result in an electrical signal in the cell body. Axons: Nerve impulses are carried through axons away from the neurons cell body. Neuron muscular junction: The signal is passed by neuron transmitters from synaptic bulbs on the neurons to muscle fibers.
The muscle fibers then react to the signal. Working: The basic elements of BrainGate are:. The chip: A four-millimeter square silicon chip studded with about 100 hair-thin microelectrodes is embedded in the primary motor cortex, the region of the brain responsible for controlling movement. The connector: When the person thinks of moving the computer cursor, electrodes on the silicon chip implanted into the person’s brain detect neural activity.
His cortical neurons fire in a distinctive pattern, the signal is transmitted through the pedestal plug attached to the skull. The converter: The signal travels to an amplifier where it is converted to optical data and bounced by fiber optic cable to a computer. The computer: Brain gate learns to associate patterns of brain activity with particular imagined movements up, down, left, right and to connect those movements to a cursor. A silicon chip implanted in the brain cortex through pedestal When the person thinks of moving the computer cursor, electrodes on the silicon chip implanted into the person’s brain detect neural activity from an array of neural impulses in the brains motor cortex. The impulses transfer from the chip to a pedestal protruding from the scalp through connection wires. The pedestal filters out unwanted signals or noise and then transfers the signal to an amplifier.
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The signal is captured by acquisition system and is sent through a fiber optic cable to a computer. The computer then translates the signal into an action, causing the cursor to move. The braingate system is a neuromotor prosthetic device consisting of an array of one hundred silicon microelectrodes; each electrode is 1mm long and thinner than a human hair. The electrodes are arranged less than half a millimeter apart in the array, which is attached to a 13cm-long cable ribbon cable connecting it to a computer. The BrainGate neural interface system is a proprietary, investigational that consists of an internal sensor to detect brain cell activity and external processors that convert these brain signals into a computer-mediated output under the person’s own control.The sensor is implanted on the surface of the area of the brain responsible for voluntary movement, the motor cortex. The electrodes penetrate about 1mm into the surface of the brain where they pick up electrical signals known as neural spiking, the language of the brain from nearby neurons and transmit them through thin gold wires to a titanium pedestal that protrudes about an inch above the patient’s scalp.
An external cable connects the pedestal to computers, signal processors, and monitors. The technology is able to sense the electrical activity of many individual neurons at one time the data is transmitted from the neurons in the brain to computers where it is analyzed and the thoughts are used to control an external device. Our brains are filled with neurons, individual nerve cells connected to one another by dendrites and axons.
Every time we think, move, feel or remember something, our neurons are at work. That work is carried out by small electric signals that zip from neuron to neuron as fast as 250 mph. The signals are generated by differences in electric potential carried by ions on the membrane of each neuron. Although, the paths, signals take are insulated by something called myelin, some of the electric signal escapes.
Scientists can detect those signals, interpret what they mean and use them to direct a device of some kind. It can also work the other way around. For example, researchers could figure out what signals are sent to the brain by the optic nerve when someone sees the color red. They could rig a camera that would send those exact signals into someone’s brain whenever the camera saw red, allowing a blind person to “see” without eyes.
Braingate Neural Interface System
Basic working principle of the BrainGate Pic credits: HowStuffWorks Basically, there are two methods to sense the signals sent by the neurons:. ECoG: Invasive method. EEG: Non invasive method ECoG – Electrocorticography: This measures the electrical activity of the brain taken from beneath the skull. Here the electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above the cortex, beneath the duramater.
ECoG is a very promising intermediate BCI (Brain computer interface) modality because it has higher spatial resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, wider frequency range, and lesser training requirements than scalp-recorded Electroencephalography (EEG), and at the same time has lower technical difficulty, lower clinical risk, and probably superior long-term stability than intracortical single-neuron recording. This feature profile and recent evidence of the high level of control with minimal training requirements shows potential for real world application for people with motor disabilities. To get a higher-resolution signal, scientists can implant electrodes directly into the gray matter of the brain itself, or on the surface of the brain, beneath the skull. This allows for much more direct reception of electric signals and allows electrode placement in the specific area of the brain where the appropriate signals are generated.
This approach has many problems, however. It requires invasive surgery to implant the electrodes, and devices left in the brain long-term tend to cause the formation of scar tissue in the gray matter.
Braingate System
This scar tissue ultimately blocks signals. EEG – Electroencephalography: The easiest and least invasive method is a set of electrodes. A device known as an electroencephalograph is attached to the scalp. The electrodes can read brain signals. However, the skull blocks a lot of the electrical signal, and it distorts what does get through. It is the most studied potential non-invasive interface, mainly due to its fine temporal resolution, ease of use, portability and low set-up cost. A substantial barrier to using EEG as a brain-computer interface is the extensive training required before users can work the technology.Signals recorded in this way have been used to power muscle implants and restore partial movement in an experimental volunteer.
They are easy to wear, non-invasive implants produce poor signal resolution because the skull dampens signals, dispersing and blurring the electromagnetic waves created by the neurons. Although the waves can still be detected it is more difficult to determine the area of the brain that created them or the actions of individual neurons.
Advantages of braingate. BrainGate can remain safely implanted in the brain for at least two years. Later it can safely be removed as well. Spiking from many neurons the language of the brain can be recorded, routed outside the human brain and decoded into command signals.
Paralyzed humans can directly and successfully control external devices, such as a computer cursor using these neural command signals. The speed, accuracy, and precision are comparable to a non-disabled person there is no training necessary (just the ability to think of an action). Potential Applications. The brain gate neural interface system is an investigational medical device that is being developed to improve the quality of life for physically disabled people by allowing them to quickly and reliably control a wide range of devices by thought, including computers, environmental controls, robotics and medical devices.
One of the most exciting areas of BCI research is the development of devices that can be controlled by thoughts. Some of the applications of this technology may seem frivolous, such as the ability to control a video game by thought. If you think a remote control is convenient, imagine changing channels with your mind. Once the basic mechanism of converting thoughts to computerized or robotic action is perfected, the potential uses for the technology are almost limitless. Instead of a robotic hand, disabled users could have robotic braces attached to their own limbs, allowing them to move and directly interact with the environment. This could even be accomplished without the “robotic” part of the device. Signals could be sent to the appropriate motor control nerves in the hands, bypassing a damaged section of the spinal cord and allowing actual movement of the subject’s own hands.
Cyberkinetics is also developing products to allow for robotic control, such as a thought-controlled wheelchair. Next generation products may be able to provide an individual with the ability to control devices that allow breathing, bladder and bowel movements. The brain gate system has allowed people with paralysis to operate a computer in order to read e-mail, control a wheelchair and operate a robotic hand. The system will connect the brain gate sensor with functional electrical stimulation (FES) system, which uses electrical impulses to trigger muscle and limb movement. The first version will allow users to make simple movements that could be used to perform tasks such as eating or drinking using their own arms and hands and under the natural control of their own brains. The initial version of this FES system would use arm supports. Later versions, however, won’t require supports and will allow users to do activities that require more dexterity, such as using cell phones or remote controls.
The device can be used in an interactive environment; activity surrounding the patient will not affect the accuracy of the device. Troubles associated with the braingate Reading brain signals is not an easy task as even a simple movement, such as raising a hand, requires electrical signals from many regions of the brain. Implanted electrodes pick up just a tiny fraction of the signals from neurons that fire. It is difficult for the computer to convert these signals resulting in the cursor jiggling and making it difficult to select icons on the screen with accuracy. Other BrainGate shortcomings include:. Size: Brain gate right now has a bulky look with cables and processors. The device has to be less bulky to make the technology mainstream.
Cyber kinetics is developing a prototype of a device that would fit behind the ear of the patient, much like the cochlear implant, and connect via a magnet to the computer equipment, thus eliminating the need to cross the skin. This will lead to a wireless Brain Gate, giving the patient greater freedom. Calibration: In its current form, it is essential to recalibrate the device before each use by the patient. The team is working on automated calibration to allow greater independence to the user. Muscle connection: Today, a direct connection from the computer to a muscle is not possible. But researchers believe that they will be able to achieve coordinated muscle movement. In theory, electrodes and wires could connect muscles to the functioning brain, thus bypassing the damaged spinal cord.
The brain is incredibly complex. To say that all thoughts or actions are the result of simple electric signals in the brain is a gross understatement. There are about 100 billion neurons in a human brain. Each neuron is constantly sending and receiving signals through a complex web of connections.
There are chemical processes involved as well, which EEGs can’t pick up on. Conclusion: The technology driving this breakthrough in the Brain-Machine-Interface field has a myriad of potential applications, including the development of human augmentation for military and commercial purposes The primary goal of this technology and devices like brain gate is to help those are who are paralyzed to perform routine activities that are part of normal human existence. The brain gate can be used to replace the memory center in patients affected by strokes, epilepsy or Alzheimers disease. The ‘BrainGate’ device can provide paralyzed or motor-impaired patients a mode of communication through the translation of thought into direct computer control. Normal humans may also be able to utilize BrainGate technology to enhance their relationship with the digital world provided they are willing to receive the implant.